Abstract Fluoride (F) has been widely used to control dental caries, and studies suggest beneficial effects against diabetes when a low dose of F is added to the drinking water (10 mgF/L). Objectives This study evaluated metabolic changes in pancreatic islets of NOD mice exposed to low doses of F and the main pathways altered by the treatment. Methodology In total, 42 female NOD mice were randomly divided into two groups, considering the concentration of F administered in the drinking water for 14 weeks: 0 or 10 mgF/L. After the experimental period, the pancreas was collected for morphological and immunohistochemical analysis, and the islets for proteomic analysis. Results In the morphological and immunohistochemical analysis, no significant differences were found in the percentage of cells labelled for insulin, glucagon, and acetylated histone H3, although the treated group had higher percentages than the control group. Moreover, no significant differences were found for the mean percentages of pancreatic areas occupied by islets and for the pancreatic inflammatory infiltrate between the control and treated groups. Proteomic analysis showed large increases in histones H3 and, to a lesser extent, in histone acetyltransferases, concomitant with a decrease in enzymes involved in the formation of acetyl-CoA, besides many changes in proteins involved in several metabolic pathways, especially energy metabolism. The conjunction analysis of these data showed an attempt by the organism to maintain protein synthesis in the islets, even with the dramatic changes in energy metabolism. Conclusion Our data suggests epigenetic alterations in the islets of NOD mice exposed to F levels comparable to those found in public supply water consumed by humans.

Although some morphological investigations on aged human sublingual glands (HSG) found eventual phenomena identified as autolysis and mucous extravasation, the exact meaning of these findings has not been elucidated. Objective The aim of this work is to investigate whether acinar autolysis and mucous extravasation are related to the aging process in human sublingual glands. We also speculate if autolytic changes may assist forensic pathologists in determining time of death. Material and Methods 186 cadavers’ glands were allocated to age groups: I (0–30 years); II (31–60), and III (61–90). Time and mode of death were also recorded. Acinar autolysis and mucous extravasation were classified as present or absent. Ultrastructural analysis was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Data were compared using Mann-Whitney U, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunn tests (p<0.05). Results There was correlation between age and acinar autolysis (r=0.38; p=0.0001). However, there was no correlation between autolysis and time of death. No differences were observed between genders. TEM showed mucous and serous cells presenting nuclear and membrane alterations and mucous cells were more susceptible to autolysis. Conclusion Acinar autolysis occurred in all age groups and increased with age while mucous extravasation was rarely found. Both findings are independent. Autolysis degrees in HSG could not be used to determine time of death.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar duas modalidades de tratamento da alveolite em ratos e discutir os primeiros achados de uma análise molecular neste modelo experimental. MÉTODOS: 84 ratos foram submetidos a uma extração dentária e foram divididos em quatro grupos: I- alvéolo não infectado (controle), II- alvéolo infectado sem tratamento, III- alvéolo infectado tratado com irrigação de iodeto de sódio a 2% e solução de peróxido de hidrogênio a 3%, IV- alvéolo infectado submetido à curetagem, irrigação com solução salina fisiológica e preenchimento com pasta a base de metronidazol. Os grupos foram subdivididos em períodos de sacrifício pós-operatório: 6/15/28 dias. Uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa microscópica foi realizada. Além disso, uma análise quantitativa foi realizada utilizando RealTimePCR para avaliar a expressão de genes no reparo alveolar: o colágeno tipo I / COL-I, o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular / VEGF, osteocalcina / OCN, fosfatase alcalina / ALP, fator de transcrição runt relacionados 2 / RUNX2 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa / TNF-α. RESULTADOS: O grupo I mostrou maior formação óssea, seguido pelos grupos IV, III, II, respectivamente. O grupo II apresentou maior infiltrado inflamatório e a cicatrização foi atrasada em comparação com outros grupos. Foi obtida uma correlação positiva entre a neoformação óssea e a expressão de OCN e RUNX2, infiltrado inflamatório com TNF-α e uma correlação negativa entre a neoformação óssea e TNF-α. CONCLUSÃO: Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os tratamentos.

PURPOSE: To evaluate two treatment modalities of dry socket in rats and to discuss the first findings of the molecular analysis in this experimental model. METHODS: 84 rats underwent a tooth extraction were divided in 4 groups: I-uninfected socket (control), II-infected socket without any treatment, III-infected socket treated with irrigation of 2% sodium iodide and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, IV-infected socket submitted to curettage, irrigation with physiological saline solution and fulfilled with metronidazole paste as base. The groups were subdivided in postoperative sacrifice periods: 6/15/28 days. A quantitative and a qualitative microscopic analysis was performed. Also, a quantitative analysis was performed using a RealTimePCR to evaluate the genes expression in the wound healing: Collagen Type I/COL-I, vascular endothelial growth factor/VEGF, osteocalcin/OCN, alkaline phosphatase/ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2/RUNX2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha/TNF-α. RESULTS: The group I showed higher bone formation, followed by groups IV, III, II respectively. The group II presented higher inflammatory infiltrate and the wound healing was delayed compared with other groups. It was obtained a significant positive correlation between bone neoformation and the expression of OCN and RUNX2, inflammatory infiltrate with TNF-α and a negative correlation between bone neoformation and TNF-α. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was found between the treatments.

The pathogenesis of alveolitis is not well known and therefore experimental situations that mimic some features of this disease should be developed. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the evolution of the experimentally induced infection in rat sockets is characterized, which leads to clinical signs of suppurative alveolitis with remarkable wound healing disturbs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Non-infected (Group I) and experimentally infected sockets in Rattus novergicus (Group II) were histometrically evaluated regarding the kinetics of alveolar healing. In addition, the characterization of the present bacteria in inoculation material and the serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were performed. The detected species were Capnocytophaga ochracea, Fusobacterium nucleatum ss nucleatum, Prevotella melaninogenica, Streptococcus anginosus, Treponema socranskii and Streptococcus sanguis. RESULTS: All experimentally infected rats developed suppurative alveolitis, showing higher levels of CRP in comparison to those non-infected ones. Furthermore, infected rats presented a significant delayed wound healing as measured by the histometric analysis (higher persistent polymorphonuclear infiltrate and lower density of newly formed bone). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that rat sockets with experimentally induced infection produced higher levels of serum CRP, showing the potential of disseminated infection and a disturb in the alveolar repair process in an interesting experimental model for alveolitis studies.

Given that tobacco smoking habit is a risk factor for periodontal diseases, the aim of this study was to compare clinical periodontal aspects between smokers and non-smokers. The clinical status were assessed in 55 patients, 29 smokers and 26 non-smokers, aged 30 to 50 years, with mean age of 40. The clinical parameters used were: probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession (GR) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) for arches (upper and lower ) and teeth (anterior and posterior). Tooth loss was also evaluated in both groups. Multiple regression analysis showed: tendency of greater probing depth and clinical attachment level means for smokers; greater amount of plaque in smokers in all regions; greater gingival index means for non-smokers with clinical significance (p<0.05) in all regions. Although, without statistical significance, the analysis showed greater gingival bleeding index means almost always for non-smokers; similar gingival recession means in both groups and tendency of upper tooth loss in smokers and lower tooth loss in non-smokers. The findings of this study showed that clinical periodontal parameters may be different in smokers when compared to non-smokers and that masking of some periodontal signs can be a result of nicotine's vasoconstrictor effect.

O enxerto ósseo ideal deve possuir características como biocompatibilidade, capacidade osteocondutora, osteoindutora, resistência e plasticidade. Dentre os implantes xenogênicos de origem bovina, os produzidos com o osso esponjoso revestem-se de particular interesse devido a sua arquitetura constituída de poros biologicamente desenhados que favorecem a invasão celular e vascular até o centro do defeito. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta tecidual ao material de osso inorgânico medular bovino macrogranular. Quarenta ratos foram divididos em 2 grupos (n=20): o grupo controle recebeu cápsulas de colágeno vazias, e o grupo experimental recebeu implante subcutâneo do material teste. As amostras foram coletadas após 10, 20, 30 e 60 dias de implantação e processadas histotecnicamente. A análise histológica mostrou aos 10 dias pós-cirúrgicos que o infiltrado inflamatório era do tipo granulomatoso rico em células gigantes multinucleadas, mas livre de linfócitos ou plasmócitos, quadro similar ao observado para aloenxertos mineralizados implantados em subcutâneo de ratos. Com o avançar do tempo experimental houve significante diminuição do infiltrado inflamatório inicial concomitantemente ao aumento no grau de fibrosamento ao redor das partículas implantadas. Concluiu-se que o material de enxerto testado em tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo de ratos induziu um granuloma tipo corpo estranho e fibrose ao redor das partículas implantadas, resposta semelhante do mesmo tecido aos aloenxertos mineralizados, e não desencadeou nenhuma resposta imune, sendo portanto biocompatível.

The ideal bone graft must present biocompatibility, osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties, resistance and plasticity. Xenogenic grafts of bovine cancellous bone origin are particularly interesting due to their biologically designed porous structure that enhance both cellular and vascular invasion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tissue response induced by bovine macrogranular porous anorganic bone implanted in rat subcutaneous tissue. Forty rats were assigned to 2 groups, as follows: the control group received empty collagen capsules and the test group received subcutaneous implants of the test material. Samples were collected after 10, 20, 30 and 60 days and processed histologically. Histological analysis showed at 10 days a granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate, rich in multinucleated giant cells and free of lymphocytes or plasma cells, similarly to mineralized allograft implanted in rat subcutaneous. In later periods, there was a significant decrease in the inflammatory infiltrate and an increase in fibrosis around graft particles. In conclusion, the test material induced a foreign body-type granuloma with subsequent fibrosis around the graft particles implanted in rat subcutaneous and did not elicit any immune response, thus being considered biocompatible.

A resposta tecidual ao osso inorgânico bovino medular implantado em subcutâneo de rato foi avaliada por análise subjetiva através de microscopia de luz. Quarenta ratos foram divididos em 2 grupos: controle (cápsulas vazias de colágeno) e teste (cápsulas de colágeno contendo 0,1g do biomaterial) e mortos 10, 20, 30 e 60 dias após a implantação. Histologicamente, aos 10 dias, observou-se infiltrado inflamatório crônico composto por macrófagos e Células Gigantes Multinucleadas Inflamatórias (IMGC). Neutrófilos, plasmócitos e linfócitos estavam presentes de maneira discreta, desaparecendo durante o processo de reparo tecidual. A porosidade do material foi preenchida pelo tecido conjuntivo reacional mostrando as IMGC. A fibrose foi mais intensa aos 60 dias e evidentemente superior ao grupo controle. Entretanto, o material não causou reações adversas severas, não estimulando a resposta imunológica. Baseado nos resultados encontrados, concluímos que o osso inorgânico bovino medular foi bem tolerado pelo tecido conjuntivo de rato.

The tissue response to porous bovine anorganic bone implanted in rat connective tissue was evaluated by subjective light microscopy analysis. Forty rats were divided into two groups: control (empty collagen capsules) and test (collagen capsule filled with 0.1g biomaterial) and killed 10, 20, 30 and 60 days after implantation. At 10 days, intense chronic inflammatory infiltrate consisting mainly of macrophages and inflammatory multinucleated giant cells (IMGC) was observed. Neutrophils, plasma cells and lymphocytes were present in discrete amounts and slowly disappeared along the repair process. Porosity of the material was filled by reaction connective tissue exhibiting IMGC. The fibrosis was more intense after 60 days and clearly higher than the control group. Thus, the material did not cause any severe adverse reactions and did not stimulate the immune system. Based on the results it could be concluded that deproteinized bovine cancelous bone was well tolerated by rat connective tissue.

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a capacidade de barreira da membrana de cortical óssea desmineralizada liofilizada bovina, testando sua permeabilidade e integridade, em associação com a membrana de pericárdio bovino liofilizado. Em 15 ratos Wistar, machos, adultos, implantou-se no subcutâneo da região cérvico-torácica dorsal a combinação de duas membranas de cortical óssea desmineralizada tendo no interior a membrana de pericárdio bovino. Os animais (cinco ratos/grupo) foram submetidos à eutanásia aos 15, 30 e 60 dias de pós-operatório. A avaliação microscópica mostrou que, aos 15 dias de pós-cirúrgico, as membranas estavam íntegras, com exceção de pequenas áreas de reabsorção da membrana de cortical óssea junto aos locais referentes aos antigos canais nutritivos. Aos 30 dias, havia apenas restos da membrana de cortical óssea e, aos 60 dias, a sua total ausência. Baseados nos resultados aqui obtidos, é possível concluir que a membrana de cortical óssea bovina é rapidamente absorvida e não confere proteção à membrana de pericárdio bovino liofilizado.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the barrier capacity of the bovine demineralized lyophilized bone cortical membrane, testing its permeability and its integrity in association with lyophilized bovine pericardium membrane. Fifteen male adult Wistar rats were used. The combination of two bone cortical membranes with bovine pericardium membrane inside was implanted subcutaneously in the cervical-thoracic area. The animals (five rats per group) were submitted to euthanasia at 15, 30 and 60 days postoperatively. On day 15 postoperative, the microscopic evaluation showed integrity of the membranes, except the absorption of small areas of the bone cortical membrane in the sites of nutritive channels. On day 30, there was a remnant of bone cortical membrane, and on day 60 bone cortical membrane was completely absent. It was possible to conclude that bovine demineralized lyophilized bone cortical membrane is quickly absorbed and does not preserve the lyophilized bovine pericardium membrane.

O tratamento de defeitos ósseos perenes tem motivado a busca por técnicas ou substitutos ósseos adequados. Na odontologia, um problema comum no tratamento de defeitos ósseos periodontais é o crescimento de tecidos competidores para o interior da lesão, como o epitélio juncional da gengiva, prejudicando a regeneração desses tecidos. Buscando melhorar a regeneração periodontal foi desenvolvida a técnica da Regeneração Tecidual Guiada (RTG) baseada na separação dos tecidos através de membranas ou barreiras. Objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar histologicamente a resposta tecidual à membrana obtida do osso cortical bovino desmineralizado, implantada em subcutâneo de ratos. Os períodos analisados foram de 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 e 60 dias após a implantação. A análise dos cortes histológicos mostrou resposta inflamatória de moderada a intensa nos períodos de 1 e 3 dias, moderada aos 7 e 15 dias, e praticamente inexistente aos 30 e 60 dias. A reabsorção da membrana se iniciou 15 dias pós-implantação e ao final de 60 dias apenas resquícios foram detectados em alguns animais. Concluímos que a membrana derivada do osso cortical bovino desmineralizado é bem tolerada pelos tecidos sendo completamente reabsorvida após 30-60 dias por células mononucleadas e células gigantes multinucleadas que desaparecem ao final do processo.

The treatment of persistent bone defects has encouraged the search for proper techniques or bone substitutes. In Dentistry, a common problem in the treatment of periodontal bone defects is the growth of tissues within the lesion, such as the junctional epithelium, which impair regeneration of these tissues. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR), based on the separation of the tissues by means of membranes or barriers, was developed in an attempt to improve periodontal regeneration. The aim of this study was to histologically evaluate the tissue response to a membrane of demineralized bovine cortical bone implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. The study periods were 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after implantation. Analysis of the histological sections demonstrated a moderate to intense inflammatory response at 1 and 3 days, moderate at 7 and 15 days, and almost absent at 30 and 60 days. Resorption of the membrane began 15 days after implantation, and at 60 days only remnants could be detected in some animals. We concluded that the demineralized bovine cortical bone membrane was well tolerated by the tissues and is completely resorbed after 30-60 days by mononuclear cells and multinucleated giant cells, which disappear upon completion of the process.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a biocompatibilidade de blocos de enxerto de osso bovino esponjoso acelular e desmineralizado (Gen-Ox®, Baumer S.A.). Um bloco cilíndrico (5x12mm) de material de enxerto foi implantado em músculo abdutor da coxa de 30 ratos, sendo os animais sacrificados 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias (n=6) após as cirurgias. Após a tomada das radiografias, as peças foram removidas para o processamento histológico. A análise histológica mostrou que nos períodos de 3 e 7 dias foi evidenciado um processo inflamatório agudo, caracterizado pela presença de neutrófilos, reabsorção do coágulo sanguíneo e angiogênese. Entre 14 e 21 dias, verificou-se a reabsorção da matriz implantada por células mononucleadas, raras células gigantes e sua substituição por tecido conjuntivo fibroso rico em vasos e células. Aos 28 dias, na maioria dos casos, observou-se apenas pequenos fragmentos de matriz implantada envolto por tecido conjuntivo característico da região. Radiograficamente, não se notou evidências de mineralização. Com base nos resultados obtidos concluímos que o enxerto de matriz de osso esponjoso bovino desmineralizado em bloco é biocompatível quando implantado em tecido conjuntivo intramuscular de ratos, sendo absorvido e substituído por tecido conjuntivo característico da região, sem qualquer indício de ocorrência de osteogênese ectópica.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of blacks of organic bovine cancellous bone graft material (Gen-OxTM, Baumer) in ectopic sites. A cylinder of black of graft material measuring 5mm in diameter and 12mm in length was implanted in abdutor muscle of 30 Wistar rats. After 3, 7, 14, 21e 28 days, (6 animals/period) were killed, radiographies were taken and the tissues and blood were collected to histological and imunoglobuline G and M profile analysis, respectively. The analysis of the sections revelead an acute inflammatory process at 3 and 7 days, characterized by the presence of neutrophils. Absorption of the implanted matrix by mononuclear cells and scarce giant cells and their replacement by fibrous connective tissue rich in vessels and cells, was suggested. At 28 days, in most cases just remnants of the implanted matrix involved by the typical connective tissue of the perimisium were found. There was no radiographic evidence of mineral content or change in the IgG and IgM profile. On the basis in results described here, it could be concluded that the material is biocompatible and absorbable but, with no signs of osteoindutive capacity was observed.